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Simple Summary: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), a critical regulator of pituitary gonadotropin secretion, plays a fundamental role in controlling physiological aspects of mammalian reproduction. GnRH is produced in the hypothalamus and regulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary. GnRH analogs, including agonists and antagonists, have been developed for the reproductive management of animals. This review focuses on the functions of hypothalamic GnRH in reproductive processes and the enhancement of reproductive efficiency in farm animals. Various GnRH analogs have been synthesized to improve their potency and reproductive function. This review specifically highlights the application of GnRH in estrus synchronization to increase the reproductive efficiency of dairy cows. GnRH is essential for the regulation of mammalian reproductive processes. It regulates the production and release of pituitary gonadotropins, thereby influencing steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. While primarily produced in the hypothalamus, GnRH is also produced in peripheral organs, such as the gonads and placenta. GnRH analogs, including agonists and antagonists, have been synthesized for the reproductive management of animals and humans. This review focuses on the functions of hypothalamic GnRH in the reproductive processes of cattle. In addition to inducing the surge release of LH, the pulsatile secretion of GnRH stimulates the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH, thereby regulating gonadal function. Various GnRH-based products have been synthesized to increase their potency and efficacy in regulating reproductive functions. This review article describes the chemical structures of GnRH and its agonists. This discussion extends to the gene expression of GnRH in the hypothalamus, highlighting its pivotal role in regulating the reproductive process. Furthermore, GnRH is involved in regulating ovarian follicular development and luteal phase support, and estrus synchronization is involved. A comprehensive understanding of the role of GnRH and its analogs in the modulation of reproductive processes is essential for optimizing animal reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeTransgender/gender-diverse (TGD) youth are treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHas) to halt endogenous puberty and prevent the development of secondary sex characteristics discordant with their gender identity. This treatment may have significant impact on growth and height velocity (HV).MethodsParticipants were recruited prior to GnRHa initiation from four gender specialty clinics in the U.S. Anthropometric, laboratory, and Tanner-stage data were abstracted from medical records.ResultsFifty-five TGD youth (47% designated male at birth) with a mean ± standard deviation age of 11.5 ± 1.2 years were included in the analysis. HV in the first year of GnRHa use was median (interquartile range) 5.1 (3.7-5.6) cm/year. Later Tanner stage at GnRHa initiation was associated with lower HV: 5.3 (4.4-5.6) cm/year for Tanner stage II, 4.4 (3.3-6.0) cm/year for Tanner stage III, and 1.6 (1.5-2.9) cm/year for Tanner stage IV (p = .001). When controlled for age, there was not a significant difference in mean HV between TGD youth and prepubertal youth; however, when stratified by Tanner stage individuals starting GnRHa at Tanner stage IV had an HV below that of prepubertal youth, 1.6 (1.5-2.9) versus 6.1 (4.3-6.5) cm/year, p = .006.ConclusionsOverall, TGD youth treated with GnRHa have HV similar to that of prepubertal children, but TGD youth who start GnRHa later in puberty have an HV below the prepubertal range. Ongoing follow-up of this cohort will determine the impact of GnRHa treatment on adult height.

GnRH is essential for the regulation of mammalian reproductive processes. It regulates the production and release of pituitary gonadotropins, thereby influencing steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. While primarily produced in the hypothalamus, GnRH is also produced in peripheral organs, such as the gonads and placenta. GnRH analogs, including agonists and antagonists, have been synthesized for the reproductive management of animals and humans. This review focuses on the functions of hypothalamic GnRH in the reproductive processes of cattle. In addition to inducing the surge release of LH, the pulsatile secretion of GnRH stimulates the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH, thereby regulating gonadal function. Various GnRH-based products have been synthesized to increase their potency and efficacy in regulating reproductive functions. This review article describes the chemical structures of GnRH and its agonists. This discussion extends to the gene expression of GnRH in the hypothalamus, highlighting its pivotal role in regulating the reproductive process. Furthermore, GnRH is involved in regulating ovarian follicular development and luteal phase support, and estrus synchronization is involved. A comprehensive understanding of the role of GnRH and its analogs in the modulation of reproductive processes is essential for optimizing animal reproduction.

The lipid profile is affected following menstrual cessation (MC). We aimed to evaluate the effects of goserelin-induced MC and subsequent menstrual restoration (MR) on lipid metabolism. Premenopausal women with histologically verified endometriosis (n = 15) received goserelin monthly for 6 months (6mο), resulting in MC, and were followed-up for another 6 months after MR (12mο). Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), lipoprotein a ([Lp(a)] and lipidomics were measured at baseline, 6mo and 12mo. Shotgun quantitative deep lipidomics were determined at the level of lipid class category, subclass, species, and fatty acyl chain lengths and degree of saturation. TC (p = 0.006), LDL-C (p = 0.028), HDL-C (p = 0.002), and apoA1 (p = 0.013) increased during goserelin-induced MC and remained practically unchanged during MR. TG, apoB, and Lp(a) did not change. From the deep lipidomics analysis, multivariate statistical analysis demonstrated profound alterations in lipid species with MC, whereas no statistically valid models could be fitted for the restoration period. In conclusion, GnRH-analog-induced MC alters lipid profiles at various levels, from standard blood lipid and lipoprotein profiles to several lipid species as detected by lipidomics analysis. Changes largely persist for at least 6 m after MR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study was carried out to describe the effect of a new GnRH antagonist, acyline, on ovarian follicular numbers and the blood anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in non-cycling bitches. Acyline was serially administered for 60 days; then the females were followed up for an additional 45 days and spayed. Blood samples were taken and ovaries microscopically studied. None of the female dogs presented an estrus cycle during treatment. One bitch presented a normal cycle after it. The total number and proportions of ovarian follicles were normal. AMH diminished to very low values during treatment and rapidly increased after its effect. Acyline rapidly and reversibly prevented the initiation of cycling without affecting follicle count but diminishing AMH concentrations. AMH appears to be a functional biomarker to assess ovarian response to this inhibitory pharmacological protocol. The objective of this study was to describe the effect of the third-generation GnRH antagonist, acyline, on ovarian follicular population and serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations in female dogs. Four late anestrous bitches were administered 330 μg/kg SC acyline every 10 days for 60 days and followed up for 45 days. Blood samples were drawn on days −1, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 for AMH determination. Then, the females were ovariectomized and the excised ovaries were gross and histologically evaluated. The total ovarian follicles were counted. None of the female dogs presented estrus during treatment. Only one bitch presented an ovulatory estrus 20 days after treatment. The total number of ovarian follicles in these bitches was 96,200.10 ± 26,125.12, with 84.13%, 11.36%, 7.8% and 0.01% corresponding to primordial, primary, secondary and antral structures, respectively. Pretreatment AMH concentrations were 0.62 ± 0.17 ng/mL. This hormone varied throughout the study period (p < 0.01), diminishing to nadir values during treatment to then rapidly recover after its effect (0.2 ± 0.05 vs. 0.67 ± 0.22 ng/mL; p < 0.01). Acyline rapidly and reversibly prevented the initiation of cycling without affecting follicle count but diminishing serum AMH concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precocious puberty is a common presentation to pediatricians with a significant overlap between physiology and pathology. While most girls with precocious puberty have no identifiable cause, boys are more likely to have a pathological cause. The trend of earlier onset of thelarche with slow pubertal tempo has led to a significant increase in the number of girls presenting with precocious puberty. Advanced growth, bone age, uterine maturation, and elevated LH suggest rapidly progressive puberty. The critical issues in evaluating a child presenting with precocious puberty include its confirmation, exclusion of physiological variants, identification of the cause, and determining the need for treatment. Step-wise evaluation with emphasis on clinical parameters provides cost-effective assessment. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs remain the mainstay of treatment for central precocious puberty but should be restricted to individuals with rapidly progressive puberty and compromised final height. The management of rarer forms of peripheral precocious puberty (McCune Albright syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and testotoxicosis) involves using experimental drugs under the guidance of specialists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The histrelin implant has been used to treat central precocious puberty (CPP) for more than 15 years. Although approved for annual use, limited published reports suggest that a single implant is efficacious well beyond a year. Our objective was to report our long-term experience using a single histrelin implant for more than 12 months in children with CPP. We performed a retrospective study of 170 children with central precocious puberty treated with a single histrelin implant for more than 1 year. Implants were left in situ for an average of 24 months. Pubertal development regressed or remained stable in the vast majority of patients and biochemical suppression was maintained. No correlation between time since an implant was placed and complications such as implant breakage or a second incision was seen. A single histrelin implant provides excellent pubertal suppression well beyond a year. Extended use of a single histrelin implant should be considered standard of care in children with CPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) is very important and valuable freshwater fish in Hungary. The quality of lash is very high (white, tasty and boneless) thus the gastronomically demand grows year by year. Besides the pikeperch is an attractive game fish and as a top predator, plays an important role in the maintenance of ecological balance in freshwater ecosystems. The success of pond culture of pikeperch depends on the propagation and nursing methods. Recently the technological development of artificial reproduction ensures the production of more fry and fingerlings. Present study investigates the different reproduction methods in consideration of the spawning behaviour of the pikeperch breeders. Between the hormone treatment and spawning there were observed six stagers in the behaviour of pike-perch couples- In addition to the observations on behaviour of spawning, various hormone products were examined in order to stimulate and synchronise the ovulation of pike perch breeders. Best results were recorded in case of using dried carp pituitary as a hormone treatment (170g eggs/stripped females), while the treatment with GnRH analogs resulted 145 g respectively. Moreover the price and biological advances of GnRH analogs require more research in their use in the field of artificial propagation of pikeperch. These hormones do not interfere violently the neuro-humoral regulation of the ovulation, thus contributes to maintain better conditions of animal welfare during the propagation procedure.

Spanning from bench to bedside, the history of normal and precocious puberty is characterized by a series of remarkable advances that have illuminated reproductive physiology and profoundly impacted clinical care. Early recognition of the hypothalamic and pituitary control of ovarian and testicular function led to the identification of GnRH as the key driver of pubertal onset. Decades later, discovery of the kisspeptin system further refined our understanding of human reproductive neuroendocrinology. Development of long-acting analogs of GnRH revolutionized the treatment of precocious puberty worldwide and ushered in the current era of an ever-expanding therapeutic armamentarium. Identification of monogenic etiologies of precocious puberty has further illustrated the exquisite complexity that comprises neurosecretory modulation of the hypothalamic GnRH neuron and may well lead to exciting novel targeted therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lipid profile is affected following menstrual cessation (MC). We aimed to evaluate the effects of goserelin-induced MC and subsequent menstrual restoration (MR) on lipid metabolism. Premenopausal women with histologically verified endometriosis (n = 15) received goserelin monthly for 6 months (6mο), resulting in MC, and were followed-up for another 6 months after MR (12mο). Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), lipoprotein a ([Lp(a)] and lipidomics were measured at baseline, 6mo and 12mo. Shotgun quantitative deep lipidomics were determined at the level of lipid class category, subclass, species, and fatty acyl chain lengths and degree of saturation. TC (p = 0.006), LDL-C (p = 0.028), HDL-C (p = 0.002), and apoA1 (p = 0.013) increased during goserelin-induced MC and remained practically unchanged during MR. TG, apoB, and Lp(a) did not change. From the deep lipidomics analysis, multivariate statistical analysis demonstrated profound alterations in lipid species with MC, whereas no statistically valid models could be fitted for the restoration period. In conclusion, GnRH-analog-induced MC alters lipid profiles at various levels, from standard blood lipid and lipoprotein profiles to several lipid species as detected by lipidomics analysis. Changes largely persist for at least 6 m after MR.

The objective of this study was to describe the effect of the third-generation GnRH antagonist, acyline, on ovarian follicular population and serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations in female dogs. Four late anestrous bitches were administered 330 μg/kg SC acyline every 10 days for 60 days and followed up for 45 days. Blood samples were drawn on days −1, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 for AMH determination. Then, the females were ovariectomized and the excised ovaries were gross and histologically evaluated. The total ovarian follicles were counted. None of the female dogs presented estrus during treatment. Only one bitch presented an ovulatory estrus 20 days after treatment. The total number of ovarian follicles in these bitches was 96,200.10 ± 26,125.12, with 84.13%, 11.36%, 7.8% and 0.01% corresponding to primordial, primary, secondary and antral structures, respectively. Pretreatment AMH concentrations were 0.62 ± 0.17 ng/mL. This hormone varied throughout the study period (p < 0.01), diminishing to nadir values during treatment to then rapidly recover after its effect (0.2 ± 0.05 vs. 0.67 ± 0.22 ng/mL; p < 0.01). Acyline rapidly and reversibly prevented the initiation of cycling without affecting follicle count but diminishing serum AMH concentrations.

Objective: The aim of this systematic review is to gather and synthesize evidence regarding the use of oral gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist for the treatment of bleeding associated with uterine myomas.Data Sources: Web of Science, and MEDLINE databases were searched electronically on March 5, 2021, using combinations of the relevant Medical Subject Headings terms and keywords. The search was restricted to the English language and to human studies.Methods Of Study Selection: Only randomized controlled trials involving patients with heavy menstrual bleeding associated with uterine myomas treated with different doses of oral nonpeptide GnRH antagonists with or without add-back therapy were included. Studies comparing oral nonpeptide GnRH antagonists with treatments other than placebo were also excluded.Tabulation, Integration, and Results: A total of 5 randomized trials including 2463 women were included in the analyses. Included studies were found to be at low risk of bias. When treatments were compared against placebo, the top 3 treatments for bleeding suppression were elagolix 600 mg, 400 mg, and 200 mg without add-back. Elagolix 600 mg without add-back therapy had a significantly higher risk of amenorrhea than lower doses of elagolix with and without add-back and relugolix as well. Uterine volume changes were more pronounced in therapies without add-back. All treatments were associated with significantly improved quality of life scores, both for myoma symptom-related and overall health-related scores. With the exception of relugolix with high-dose add-back, all treatments significantly increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Again, all treatment modalities except for elagolix 200 mg without add-back significantly increased LDL-to-HDL ratio. The increase was highest for treatment without add-back therapy.Conclusion: Oral GnRH antagonists seem to be effective for myoma-associated bleeding and for improving quality of life. The safety profile is acceptable for short-term use, but lipid metabolism is affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endogenous sex steroids influence the pubertal growth spurt and adult height. However, the impact of puberty suppression and sex steroids on growth in transgender adolescents is sparsely studied., Aim: We investigated pubertal growth, serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3, and adult height of transgender adolescents receiving hormone therapy., Methods: Observational study of a national cohort (2016-2023) comprising 219 transgender adolescents <18 years of age. Treatment consisted of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) combined with estradiol or testosterone (adjusted to serum concentrations between 0 and +2 standard deviations (SDs) corresponding to the gender identity)., Results: Adult height was within ±2 SD for sex assigned at birth.Most trans girls reached adult height within references of girls. For trans girls (bone age ≤15 years before treatment), a growth spurt was observed during estradiol therapy. IGF-I and height SDS declined during oral estradiol administration (-0.13 SDS per month, p=0.059, and -0.02 SDS, p=0.001, respectively). We observed significantly lower adult height compared to target height for trans girls (-2.7 cm, p=0.01), and significant differences between height SDS before treatment and at adult height (-0.35 SDS, p<0.001).Half of the trans boys remained short (<-2 SD) compared to references for boys, and most completed growth spurt before initiation of treatment. IGFBP-3 declined following testosterone treatment. There was a significant difference between height SDS before treatment and at adult height (-0.17 SDS, p<0.001)., Discussion and Conclusion: The minor reduction in adult height of trans girls after hormone treatment may be beneficial to some, whereas trans boys did not experience height gain., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society.)

Introduction: Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is the most reliable biomarker of ovarian reserve; however, its role in predicting ovarian recovery after chemotherapy is unclear. Administration of a GnRH analog (GnRHa) during chemotherapy significantly reduces the ovarian failure rate and increases the pregnancy rate. The available data on the behavior of AMH during concurrent administration of chemotherapy and GnRHa are inconsistent. We investigated whether concurrent administration of triptorelin and adjuvant chemotherapy might reduce the expected drop of AMH. Methods: Eligible patients were premenopausal women aged <40 years, with a diagnosis of early breast cancer, and candidates to 4–8 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy. Triptorelin (3.75 mg i.m.) was started before chemotherapy and administered every 4 weeks thereafter. The principal endpoint was the proportion of patients with an AMH percent change ≤50% between 12 months after chemotherapy and basal levels. The secondary endpoint was the proportion of patients achieving postchemotherapy AMH levels above the threshold of 0.2 ng/mL. Results: Fifty patients were enrolled, 31 of whom had blood samples available at baseline and 1 year after the end of chemotherapy. AMH decreased to nearly undetectable levels after chemotherapy and recovered after 12 months, but they did not exceed 1 tenth of the pretreatment levels. As for the secondary endpoint, 15 of the 31 patients recovered AMH levels above the threshold. Conclusions: This study did not reach its principal endpoint; however, the rate of 48% of patients who recovered AMH above threshold levels favorably compared with those in studies without concurrent GnRHa, supporting a better recovery of AMH with triptorelin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs, which are approved for male dogs and ferrets, have been used off-label to suppress estrus in bitches predisposed to the side effects of spaying. Health data from the past 12 years were evaluated from bitches without progestogen pretreatment that received deslorelin acetate (DA) to suppress estrus for the first time before the age of 4.5 years. The study population included 32 client-owned bitches repeatedly treated with either 4.7 mg or 9.4 mg DA implants for a period of 5.3 ± 3.4 years (range 0.5–11.3 years). Follow-up information concerning immediate side effects of DA occurring within five months after the first DA treatment (n = 23) as well as long-term side effects of sustained gonadal suppression occurring after five months up to three years (n = 2), three years up to five years (n = 2) or more than five years (n = 8) were assessed through a questionnaire. Treatment was considered successful if no major side effects requiring medical treatment occurred, which applied to 26 out of 32 (81 %) bitches. In the six remaining bitches, the following major side effects led to treatment discontinuation: persistent urinary incontinence (n = 1), reoccurring induced heat (n = 1), uterine disease (n = 3) and/or ovarian tumor (n = 3). The bitches recovered completely after surgical spaying and/or DA implant removal. Minor side effects that did not require therapy or affect animal welfare included body weight changes (n = 18), subtle behavioral changes (n = 13), induced heat (n = 12), coat changes (n = 11), pseudocyesis (n = 6), transient urinary incontinence (n = 4), and/or temporary thickening of the uterine wall with little anechogenic content (n = 2). To examine a possible causal relationship between adverse side effects and DA treatment, further studies should compare the frequency of pathologies between groups of GnRH-treated, intact and spayed bitches of similar breeds and ages. Nevertheless, DA application before the age of 4.5 years may be a means of postponing surgical spaying for several years in breeds at high risk for developing urinary incontinence. Before DA is used in bitches, owners should be fully informed regarding possible side effects. • Deslorelin acetate is an alternative for reproduction control in bitches. • Decreased occurrence of major side effects after early treatment onset. • Major side effects in 6/32 bitches (e.g., uterine disease, ovarian tumor). • Good communication results in high owner satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a profound knowledge on reproduction biology in greater one-horned (GOH) rhinoceros, many individuals cope with sub or infertility or an-ovulatory estrous. At the same time, early and regular captive breeding is of high importance in female GOH rhinoceros due to their high prevalence to develop genital tract tumors with consequent cessation of reproduction. Thus, mature, an-ovulatory GOH rhinoceros represent a challenge for captive breeding programs and warrant for means of reliable ovulation induction. Here, we used hCG and GnRH analog histrelin to induce ovulation in an-ovulatory GOH rhinoceros. Upon ultrasound diagnosis of a preovulatory follicle hCG or GnRH were injected to induce ovulation (n = 11). As a result, 75% of the hCG (n = 6/8) and 33% of GnRH (n = 1/3) inductions resulted in ovulation. Ovulation occurred when fecal estrogen concentration increased before and pregnane concentration after induction. Thirty-six percent of all treatments (n = 4/11) failed to induce ovulation. When ovulation induction by hCG/GnRH injection failed, estrogen and pregnane concentrations were significantly lower compared to ovulatory estrous (P < 0.001). Our results suggest that hCG and GnRH analog facilitate an easily applicable treatment to induce ovulation in females with behavioral but at times an-ovulatory estrous. Frequent use of hCG as an ovulation inducer might help to achieve pregnancies in genetically important but an-ovulatory GOH rhinoceroses.

Objective: SRY‐negative 46,XX testicular and ovotesticular disorders/differences of sex development (T/OTDSD) represent a very rare and unique DSD condition where testicular tissue develops in the absence of a Y chromosome. To date, very few studies have described the phenotype, clinical and surgical management and long‐term outcomes of these patients. Particularly, early blockade of the gonadotropic axis in patients raised in the female gender to minimize postnatal androgenization has never been reported. Design: Retrospective description of sixteen 46,XX T/OTDSD patients. Results: Sixteen 46,XX SRY‐negative T/OTDSD were included. Most (12/16) were diagnosed in the neonatal period. Sex of rearing was male for six patients and female for ten, while the clinical presentation varied, with an external masculinization score from 1 to 10. Five patients raised as girl were successfully treated with GnRH analog to avoid virilization during minipuberty. Ovotestes/testes were found bilaterally for 54% of the patients and unilaterally for the others (with a contralateral ovary). Gonadal surgery preserved appropriate tissue in the majority of cases. Spontaneous puberty occurred in two girls and one boy, while two boys required hormonal induction of puberty. One of the girls conceived spontaneously and had an uneventful pregnancy. DNA analyses (SNP‐array, next‐generation sequencing and whole‐exome sequencing) were performed. A heterozygous frameshit mutation in the NR2F2 gene was identified in one patient. Conclusions: This study presents a population of patients with 46,XX SRY‐negative T/OTDSD. Early blockade of gonadotropic axis appears efficient to reduce and avoid further androgenization in patients raised as girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During hot season, female buffaloes suffer from ovarian inactivity due to hormonal insufficiency. Therefore, impaired reproductive efficiency causes low productivity of female buffaloes. The present study aimed to compare the effect of chitosan and/or insulin addition to GnRH analog during modified Ovsync program on ovarian response and pregnancy establishment in postpartum anestrous buffaloes during low breeding during the summer season. This study was carried out in buffaloes (N=135) suffering from ovarian inactivity during the summer season. The animals were divided into three treated equal groups, i.e., Group (1) basic Ovsync protocol, Group (2) insulin-sync protocol, and Group (3) chitosan-sync protocol. Blood samples were analyzed for progesterone, estradiol, and insulin concentrations before and after treatment. Follicular dynamics were studied through transrectal scanning of the ovaries. The results revealed that administration of insulin to GnRH analog (G2) significantly increased the diameter of the largest follicle and improved the conception rate compared to basic Ovsync protocol (G1). The addition of chitosan to GnRH analog (G3) caused a significant increase in the estrous induction rates (86.6%), increased the size of the largest follicle (p<0.05), and improved conception rates (76.9%) compared to basic Ovsync protocol (G1). Serum progesterone concentrations increased after treatment (p<0.05) in all groups indicating the resumption of ovarian activity. In addition, serum estradiol concentration increased after treatment in G2 and G3 (p<0.05) compared to G1. Therefore, we conclude that the addition of chitosan to GnRH analog induces ovarian resumption and improves conception rates. Subsequently, chitosan-sync protocol can be used in the treatment of the great infertility problem of postpartum anestrous during summer season in buffaloes. Furthermore, this protocol avoids the repeated injection of the animal as in insulin-sync protocol, so that protect the animal from more injection pains in addition to the decreases cost and duration of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During hot season, female buffaloes suffer from ovarian inactivity due to hormonal insufficiency. Therefore, impaired reproductive efficiency causes low productivity of female buffaloes. The present study aimed to compare the effect of chitosan and/or insulin addition to GnRH analog during modified Ovsync program on ovarian response and pregnancy establishment in postpartum anestrous buffaloes during low breeding during the summer season. This study was carried out in buffaloes (N=135) suffering from ovarian inactivity during the summer season. The animals were divided into three treated equal groups, i.e., Group (1) basic Ovsync protocol, Group (2) insulin-sync protocol, and Group (3) chitosan-sync protocol. Blood samples were analyzed for progesterone, estradiol, and insulin concentrations before and after treatment. Follicular dynamics were studied through transrectal scanning of the ovaries. The results revealed that administration of insulin to GnRH analog (G2) significantly increased the diameter of the largest follicle and improved the conception rate compared to basic Ovsync protocol (G1). The addition of chitosan to GnRH analog (G3) caused a significant increase in the estrous induction rates (86.6%), increased the size of the largest follicle (p

Context. Rapidly progressive precocious puberty (RPPP) is a rare condition in Turner syndrome (TS), with no consensus on treatment and follow-up. Only 12 cases have been reported so far. Objective. We aimed to evaluate the effects of the GnRH analog (GnRHa) on growth and anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) levels in TS and RPPP. Design. The clinical and laboratory data was recorded at baseline and after treatment. Subjects and methods. An 8.1-year old girl with a karyotype of 45, X/46, XX presented with breast development at Tanner stage-2. Breast development advanced to Tanner stage-3 at the age of 8.7 years. Growth velocity (GV) was 8 cm/year. Bone age was 11 years with a predicted adult height of 152 cm. Luteinizing hormone (LH) was 1.69mIU/mL and estradiol was 33pg/mL, confirming the central puberty. AMH level was 6.33ng/mL. The sizes of ovaries and uterus were compatible with the pubertal stage, with an endometrial thickness of 5 mm. GnRHa was started for RPPP. Results. After three months, GV declined to 0 cm/3 months and AMH level to 50% of the baseline. Growth hormone (GH) treatment was started for insufficient growth. GV improved with GH treatment, as well as a far more decreased AMH level. Conclusion. GV usually declines before puberty in patients with TS, even if the mid-parental height is tall. RPPP should be considered if GV is increased. Excessive suppression of growth may be prevented with GH treatment. GnRHa treatment also plays a role in reducing AMH levels in patients with TS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Idiopathic central precocious puberty (iCPP) presents a disproportionate advancement of bone age and maturation, as well as metabolic and endocrinological changes that may be related to effects on telomere biology. To investigate the telomere length in iCPP girls treated with GnRHa. Observational case-control study with 85 girls, including 45 iCPP treated with GnRHa and 40 controls. It was analyzed age, height, weight and body mass index (BMI), insulin, triglycerides, testosterone, insulin resistance by HOMA, and telomere length by real-time PCR. Statistical analyses were determined by Wilcoxon test and Spearman correlation was carried out. Weight, BMI, insulin level and HOMA index were higher in the iCPP than in the control group (p <.01); without difference between mean ages. The telomere length did not differ between iCPP and control group. However, a negative correlation was observed between the telomere length and age in iCPP (p =.0009) and control group (p =.014), and weight in the iCPP (p =.017). We did not observe any difference in the telomere length in the iCPP and control group. Even though, some characteristics of the disease, such as increased weight and body fat, negatively influence the telomere biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children with spina bifida are at greater risk of developing central precocious puberty (CPP) compared to others. Therefore, early recognition and timely referral for further evaluation by a pediatric endocrinologist allows appropriate management that reduces the impact of CPP. This article discusses the diagnosis and management of CPP in children with spina bifida. This guideline was developed for SB Transition Healthcare Guidelines from the 2018 Spina Bifida Association's Fourth Edition of the Guidelines for the Care of People with Spina Bifida. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In 2011, we described 64 girls diagnosed with central precocious puberty (CPP) during 1995–2009. In 2019, the former CPP patients were 16–30 years of age and had been followed-up for 6–20 years after cessation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog (GnRHa) treatment. Objectives: To determine the menstrual cycle, reproductive function, and long-term sequelae of the former GnRHa-treated and untreated CPP patients. Methods: Sixty-seven former CPP women diagnosed during January 1995 to December 2010 were evaluated in 2019 for current menstrual cycle and pregnancy rate and for general health status, weight, height, blood pressure, and metabolic profiles of glucose, lipids, insulin, and testosterone. Results: In 2019, the former CPP women averaged 20.7 ± 2.7 years of age (range: 16.5–30). Eighty-three percent had a regular menstrual cycle. Of the 14 married women, six (43%) were fertile with 1–2 children. The untreated women had a significantly higher rate of obesity (BMI >25 kg/m2) than the GnRHa-treated women (72.1% vs. 36.6%, p < 0.01). Two women (3%) had polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Fasting plasma glucose, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and testosterone levels were normal and similar between the GnRHa-treated and untreated participants. The serum insulin, cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels were higher in the untreated group than the GnRHa-treated group, but without significant differences. Conclusions: At a 10–20-year follow-up, our former CPP patients had regular menstruation, normal reproductive function, and normal metabolic outcomes. The low prevalence of PCOS of 3% suggests that CPP is not a risk factor for PCOS, at least during early adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this article were: a) To describe the effect of a single administration of the third generation GnRH antagonist, acyline, on canine benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) b)To quantitatively compare parenchyma echogenicity, heterogeneity (SD echogenicity) and blood flow in hyperplastic and treated prostate glands. Seven mixed bred dogs, 11.14 ± 0.8 years of age, weighing 8.5 ± 1.4 (3.8–15.6) kg, with BPH were included in this study and administered acyline 330 mg/kg sc (day 0). Then the dogs were examined by B Mode and Doppler ultrasound on days 15, 30 and 60 after treatment. Parenchymal frozen images were digitally analyzed. On day −7, prostatic volume was 1.60–5.36 fold (volume ratio) enlarged in relation to the expected volume. Prostatic volume decreased up to a mean of −38.44% (P < 0.01; range −32.2 to −70.9%) on day 30 to gradually increase towards pretreatment values. A correlation between volume ratio and nadir treatment volume was also found (r = - 0.87; P < 0.05). Mean parenchyma echogenicity (P < 0.01) and heterogeneity (P < 0.01) diminished in all the post treatment evaluations. Pretreatment intraprostatic cysts disappeared at the time point of peak treatment effect. Prostatic arteries RI increased on day 30, being different from day −7 and also from day 60 values (P < 0.05). It was concluded that a single administration of a third generation GnRH antagonist safely decreased prostatic volume and parenchyma and blood flow abnormities associated with canine BPH during 30 days. Monthly administrations of this treatment could represent a rapid, efficient and safe therapeutic option for BPH. • A single administration of the GnRH antagonist rapidly decreased prostatic volume for a month. • Acyline eliminated BPH related signs without side effects. • Acyline diminished parenchyma echogenicity and heterogeneity in BPH. • Acyline eliminated BPH intraprostatic cysts at its peak effect. • Acyline reduced prostatic blood flow associated with BPH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oocytes/embryo cryopreservation and ovarian function suppression with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists (GnRHas) are two established strategies for preserving fertility in patients with cancer, frequently both being offered to the same woman. As the first injection of GnRHa should be administered before chemotherapy, it is usually performed in the luteal phase of the urgent controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) cycle. The GnRHa flare-up effect on recently stimulated ovaries may cause ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and this risk may discourage some oncologists to offer an ovarian function preservation method with proven efficacy. We suggest the long-acting GnRHa as an option to trigger ovulation for egg retrieval in oncological patients, whenever ovarian suppression during chemotherapy is planned., Patients and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed prospectively collected data from all consecutive ovarian stimulation cases in oncological patients for oocyte cryopreservation from 2016 to 2021 in a single academic referral center. The COS was performed according to good clinical practice standards. Since 2020 long-acting GnRHa trigger was offered to all patients for whom ovarian suppression after cryopreservation was planned. All other patients served as controls, stratified for the triggering method used: highly purified chorionic gonadotrophin 10 000 UI or short-acting GnRHa 0.2 mg., Results: Mature oocytes were collected, with the expected maturation rate, in all the 22 cycles triggered with GnRHa. The mean number of cryopreserved oocytes was 11.1 ± 4, with a maturation rate of 80% (57%-100%), versus 8.8 ± 5.8, 74% (33%-100%) with highly purified chorionic gonadotrophin and 14 ± 8.4, 80% (44%-100%) with short-acting GnRHa. No case of OHSS was observed after long-acting GnRHa triggering and by 5 days after egg retrieval most patients had reached luteinizing hormone levels showing suppression., Conclusions: Our preliminary data show that long-acting GnRHa is efficacious in inducing the final oocytes' maturation, reducing OHSS risk and suppressing ovarian function by the start of chemotherapy., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

OBJECTIVES: Unfavorable predicted adult height and psychosocial inadequacy represent parameters used to guide therapeutic intervention in girls with central precocious puberty. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog is the first-line treatment. The aim of this study was to compare two methods used to predict adult height and assess a validated tool for predicting the age at menarche in girls with central precocious puberty. METHODS: The predicted adult height of 48 girls with central precocious puberty was calculated at diagnosis using the Bayley-Pinneau method based on average and advanced bone age tables and compared with the predicted adult height calculated using a mathematical model. In addition, the age at spontaneous menarche was predicted using the new formulae. After Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog treatment, the predicted adult height was calculated using only the Bayley-Pinneau tables. RESULTS: The achieved adult height was within the target height range in all treated girls with central precocious puberty. At diagnosis, the predicted adult height using the Bayley-Pinneau tables was lower than that using the mathematical model. After the Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog treatment, the predicted adult height using the Bayley-Pinneau method with the average bone age tables was the closest to the achieved adult height. Using the formulae, the predicted age at spontaneous menarche was 10.1±0.5 yr. The Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog treatment significantly postponed this event until 11.9±0.7 yr in these “idiopathic” central precocious puberty girls, highlighting the beneficial effect of this treatment. CONCLUSION: Both initial adult height prediction methods are limited and must be used with caution. The prediction of the age at spontaneous menarche represents an innovative tool that can help in clinical decisions regarding pubertal suppression.

Methods for milt collection and chilled preservation, hormone-induced spawning and artificial fertilization were studied in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Milt samples were selected from 5 male brooders. Each milt sample was divided into 4 treatments; 3 treatments were centrifuge-washed with 0.85% normal saline solution (NSS), and then added with the extenders (1) freshwater fish saline (FFS) or (2) modified fish Ringers solution (MFS), or without an extender as (3) NSS (control), while the fourth treatment was the unwashed control. Milt samples treated with either extender at 4 °C presented a sufficient sperm motility score (≥ 3) and sperm viability (≥ 70%) for up to 20 h post-collection. For female brooders, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog (GnRHa) was used to induce spawning. The highest number of females spawned and a pseudo-gonadosomatic index were observed in groups that received two GnRHa injections (15 and 30 μg kg−1, 8 h interval) with an oral administration of a dopamine antagonist (5 mg kg−1). Artificial fertilization was performed with fresh and 20 h chilled-storage milt. Mean fertilization rates for the fresh and chilled milt fertilized groups were 83.6 ± 7.2% and 42.3 ± 5.1%, respectively, with hatching rates of 67.5 ± 3.5% and 28.3 ± 6.8%, respectively. Nevertheless, the development of fish larvae from both groups was comparable. This study indicated that artificial fertilization using chilled milt and GnRHa-induced-spawn produced healthy tilapia fry. Thus, the procedures facilitate breeding programs of Nile tilapia in pair mating selection and distribution of genetic materials. • A practical technique was developed to provide competent quality of tilapia sperm preserved at 4 °C for up to 20 h. • Spawning synchronization was accomplished with 2 GnRHa injection with an oral administration of the dopamine antagonist. • The embryo obtained from artificial fertilization using chilled milt and induced spawn eggs showed typical development. • The reproductive technique demonstrated in this study did not cause injury to the broodfish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aims of the study are to examine the rate of attempted fertility preservation (FP) among a Dutch cohort of transgirls who started gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog treatment and the reasons why adolescents did or did not choose to attempt FP. The study was a single-center retrospective review of medical records of 35 transgirls who started gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog treatment between 2011 and 2017. Ninety-one percent of adolescents were counseled on the option of FP. Thirty-eight percent of counseled adolescents attempted FP, and 75% of them were able to cryopreserve sperm suitable for intrauterine insemination or intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Younger and Caucasian transgirls were less likely to attempt FP. No specific reason for declining FP was known in 33% adolescents, 32% of adolescents were not able to produce a semen sample because of early puberty, 17% felt uncomfortable with masturbation, 17% did not want to have children, and 13% wanted to adopt. One third of adolescents attempted FP, which is much more than the percentage reported in previous studies from the United States. One third of the transgirls could not make use of FP because they were unable to produce a semen sample because of early pubertal stage. For these adolescents, alternatives need to be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed to determine the effect of GnRH analog (buserelin acetate) on the quality of bovine spermatozoa stored at 16° C for 24 h. Semen collected in the summer season from June to September from healthy Polish Holstein–Friesian bulls. Ejaculates were centrifuged, divided and diluted to the final concentration of 240 × 106 spermatozoa/mL using animal protein–free commercial BIOXcell® extender (IMV Technologies, L'aigle, France) (Control) or with BIOXcell® extender supplemented with buserelin acetate and stored 0, 8 and 24 h. Sperm motility parameters analysis was performed using a computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system. The viability of spermatozoa was performed using flow cytometer. The addition of buserelin acetate to BIOXcell® extender did positively affect the total motility (was higher in the observed samples with the addition of 2 µg/mL and 4 µg/mL than in the control group), progressive motile (forward progressing sperm was significantly increased (p < 0.05) over the control group at the 0 h and 8 h of incubation following the supplementation of 2, 4 and 8 μg/mL buserelin acetate) and viability of spermatozoa (the number of live spermatozoa was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 2 µg/mL and 4 µg/mL samples with buserelin acetate at 8th hour of incubation and in sample with 4 µg/mL at 24th hour of incubation compared to the control group). We recommend adding 4 µg/mL to the extender to improve the quality of bovine semen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to assess the efficiency and clinical safety of postnatal administration of a GnRH agonist on canine puberty postponement. Sexual steroids and histological gonadal changes were also described. Twenty-four littermate puppies were randomly assigned to: Deslorelin acetate 18.8 mg sc (DESLO; n = 12) or Placebo: sc (PLACE; n = 12) postnatally. The dogs were clinically and endocrinologically followed up until puberty when they were gonadectomized and their gonads histomorphometrically studied. Deslorelin postponed the age of puberty (72.7 ± 4.8 vs. 35.8 ± 1.9 weeks; P < 0.01) in these dogs. At the time of this submission, 3 DESLO dogs (108 weeks old) remain non-pubertal. All dogs concluded growing at a similar age (29.75 ± 2.44 vs. 29.25 ± 0.90 weeks; P > 0.1) independently of their group and pubertal status. None of the females had side effects while the 2 non pubertal DESLO males presented bilateral cryptorchydism. All the bitches ovulated at puberty (P > 0.1) and the 2 DESLO that were mated became pregnant. Deslorelin postponed basal serum sexual steroids up to puberty in both genders (P < 0.01). The histomorphometrical study of the testes revealed that the tubular diameter (P < 0.05), germinal epithelium height and composition (P < 0.01) were decreased in DESLO group. Ovarian structures did not differ between treatments (P > 0.05). It was concluded that postnatal deslorelin decreased sexual steroids reversibly postponing puberty in both genders without side effects in bitches and causing 2/6 of cryptorchydism and impairment of testicular histomorphometry in male dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Triptorelin depot is largely used to treat central precocious puberty (CPP) in children. Areas covered: This review updates triptorelin depot treatment of CPP, focusing on trials that compared 3.75 mg/28 day treated and untreated children till the adult height (AH). Efficacy of the new 11.25 mg/90 days or 22.5 mg/6 month formulations in suppressing pituitary-gonadal axis in short-term trials is also addressed. Short- and long-term safety was summarized. Expert commentary: Long experience on triptorelin depot use in children with CPP is available. Outcome differences on AH are reported; they may be due to heterogenicity of treated patients; some items remain to be optimized. No long term-adverse events on reproductive function are reported; additional studies would clarify if CPP per sè or triptorelin depot administration may increase hyperandrogenism and/or polycystic ovary syndrome risk in adulthood. The quarterly formulation seems to be able to suppress pituitary-gonadal axis and pubertal development and to determine similar end-results as monthly formulation, but additional trials are needed. Few data are available for the 22.5 mg/6 month formulation. Triptorelin depot treatment of CPP should be restricted to tertiary pediatric endocrinology centers, considering that some uncertainties still exist and that rare but serious adverse events may occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Treatment with laparoscopic surgery, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog (GnRHa) therapy, superovulation (SO), and intrauterine insemination (IUI) have individual benefits in improving fertility outcomes in women with endometriosis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of GnRHa in improving outcome in women undergoing SO and IUI after surgical correction of mild endometriosis. Materials and Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, over a period of 2 years and 6 months. Ninety women who were diagnosed with mild endometriosis on laparoscopy using the revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine criteria were included in the study. The patients in the study group (n=45) received a single dose of 3.75 mg GnRHa subcutaneously within 48 h of the surgery, and those in the control group (n=45) did not receive GnRHa. Thereafter, patients in both arms received SO and IUI from the next menstrual cycle. Four patients in the study group and three patients in the control group were lost to follow-up before the first cycle of ovulation induction. Primary outcomes measured in our study were live birth rates and clinical pregnancy rate. Secondary outcome measures were number of follicles>18 mm, endometrial thickness, dose and days of gonadotropin stimulation. Results: Baseline characteristics, such as age and body mass index, were comparable in both groups. The SO and IUI cycles were comparable between the two groups with regard to the secondary outcome parameters. Pregnancy rate in the first cycle was 17.1% in the study group and 19.1% in the control group (p=0.81). The overall pregnancy rate was similar in both groups (study group=21.9%, control group=23.8%; p=1). As no patient had miscarriage or any other complication during pregnancy, live birth rate was similar to the clinical pregnancy rate. Conclusion: Adding GnRHa for the suppression of mild endometriosis has shown no significant improvement in the surgical management of women undergoing SO and IUI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Male red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) being gregarious, and causing heavy damage to corn crops in the northeast, including southern Quebec and Ontario, sterilization has been studied as a means to manage their populations. With chemosterilants (thiotepa and Ornitrol®) tested, year to year variations in reproductive success occurs. The spermatogenesis is disrupted, but the overall effect is not specific. Biosterilisation with 10.0 µg doses of GnRH-analogue hormones is more specific, and the spermatogenesis is disrupted for at least a month, but several spaced injections were required. No field trials have been done yet.

Background: To determine whether psychological characteristics of girls with variations of early puberty and their mothers change over time and with treatment in girls with central precocious puberty (CPP). Methods: Girls with CPP, premature adrenarche (PA), and early normal puberty (ENP) completed psychological assessments at baseline and after 1 year along with their mothers. All girls with CPP were treated with GnRH analogs. Psychological effects of group and time were examined using 2 x 3 mixed ANOVAs. Results: Sixty-two subjects aged 7.5 ± 1.4 years (range 4.8-10.5) were enrolled, of whom 36 (15 with CPP, 8 with PA, and 13 with ENP) completed 1-year follow-up assessments. Psychological measures were normal in all girls. No significant group differences were found for any measure of girls' psychological functioning at either time point. However, across all groups there was change over time with a decrease in perceived physical competence (p < 0.001) and an increase in perceived maternal acceptance (p = 0.001). Conclusion: No abnormalities in psychological functioning were found among girls with variations of early puberty, and all groups were in the normal range. Our results are largely reassuring regarding concerns of adverse psychological consequences of early puberty in girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early puberty (EP) has been defined as the onset of puberty in the low-normal range; it may be a cause for concern regarding a possible impairment of adult height (AH). This paper meta-analysed data on AH after spontaneous growth or after gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog treatment in girls with EP. A computerized literature search was conducted from 1980 to June 30, 2016. Only published studies in English were considered. Eight papers were selected (483 cases). In untreated girls ( n = 300), predicted adult height (PAH) at start of follow-up (−0.559 SDS (95%CI −1.110 to 0.001); P = 0.050) was close to mid-parental height (MPH) (−0.557 SDS (95%CI −0.736 to −0.419); P < 0.0001) and AH (−0.663 SDS (95%CI −0.803 to −0.524); P < 0.0001). In GnRH analog treated girls ( n = 183), PAH before the start of treatment was slightly reduced (−0.939 SDS (95%CI −1.401 to −0.477; P < 0.0001) vs MPH (−0.678 SDS (95%CI −0.942 to −0.414); P < 0.0000), but AH (−0.604 SDS (95%CI −0.877 to −0.338); P < 0.0000) was close to MPH. Conclusion: Present meta-analysis indicates that girls with EP spontaneously reach their MPH and that GnRH analog treatment does not widely change growth outcome. Differences among the selected studies for definition of EP, inclusion criteria, treatment duration, age at discontinuation of therapy, definition of AH may affect results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]